Hi Ksandr,
I am not a member of LeafLabs, but the schematic of the Maple R5 board is located here:
https://github.com/leaflabs/maple/blob/master/maple-r5/maple-r5-schematic.pdf
From your posted picture, I assume that the fried part is the diode D2. I am not sure why that would fail though, unless there is something else wrong on the board "downstream".
Can you power the board with a mini-USB cable and does it work doing that? That would mean the 5V regulation circuit has failed.
Here is some more hardware info in the documentation:
http://leaflabs.com/docs/hardware/maple.html
On a related note, since the voltage regulators on the Maple do not have a relatively low rated power dissipation, they cannot supply a lot of additional current. I am not sure if you had any other shields plugged in at the time.
(http://leaflabs.com/docs/hardware/maple.html#maple-power-regulation)
Hope that helps,
Mike